Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki is the most destructive, difficult to control and economically important species of termite in the southern united states. These tergal glands located just below the cuticle have two distinct regions. Sometimes the attack is secondary, after the tree has been damaged by fire or fungal infection cowie et al. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus, has spread by.
Our results suggest that the ranges of their distribution have increased exponentially. Pdf resistance of the termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki to. We recently reexam ined the cuticular hydrocarbons of coptotermes formosanus and identified several dimethylalkanes that may be unique to this species. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in. The length of wing hairs is somewhat shorter in coptotermes gestroi than in coptotermes formosanus. Coptotermes formosanus excavated fewer, wider tunnels and it was difficult to estimate feeding rates by looking through those jars. Formosan synonyms, formosan pronunciation, formosan translation, english dictionary definition of formosan.
Colony and population genetic structure of the formosan. Borate salts, in particular sodium and zinc formulations, are effective wood preservatives and are used. Coptotermes gestroi, the asian subterranean termite is a small species of termite that lives underground. The formosan termite coptotermes formosanus shiraki is a wellknown invasive pest that causes severe damage to wooden structures in many parts of the world. Established in several tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Both this species and the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus are destructive pests native to asia, but have spread to other parts of the world including the united states. Although several studies examined its phylogeographic patterns using a few mitochondrial genes, the phylogenetic relationships among c. Rhinotermitidae in taiwan article pdf available in annals of the entomological society of america june 2009 with. Resistance of the termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki to metarhizium anisopliae due to grooming. Pdf the response of the formosan subterranean termite. Coptotermes formosanus formosan subterranean termite. Of the termite pest species, the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki blattodea. Workers and soldiers, formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus photo 5. Coptotermes usually invade trees via the soil and bore into the tree through the roots.
The ahamitermes live in the innermost parts of the nest and feed on the carton material with which the galleries are lined which consists of soil particles, chewed wood and cellulose, bound together with. If a pair of alates successfully finds suitable conditions, i. Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial community in the gut of the termite coptotermes formosanus naoya shinzato, 1. Female alates of the formosan subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus, possess a pair of glands under the 9th and 10th abdominal tergites. Only one block of redwood was covered completely with. Floridas hot and humid climate is ideal for several species of termites. Rhinotermitidae often employ the use of fieldcollected foraging populations of individuals as defined colonies. Preferences of coptotermes formosanus shiraki and coptotermes. Laboratory studies of coptotermes formosanus shiraki blattodea. In australia, coptotermes acinaciformis is regarded as the most serious termite pest. As with many historic structures in the french quarter, these two landmarks have sustained chronic infestations by c. General information related to the life history, damage, and management of c.
The three castes of termites include the workers, soldiers and reproductives. Coptotermes formosanus termites have specialized roles in their colonies, typically. In the usa, coptotermes formosanus is the top termite pest having been introduced into the country 50 years ago. In the 20th century, it became established in south africa, sri lanka, hawaii, and the continental united states. Symptoms top of page damage by coptotermes most frequently occurs in mature trees, although it can occur at earlier stages of growth. Aug 08, 2018 the formosan subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus is an infamous termite pest species, but it is also an interesting model for studying the evolution of termites and a termitecontrol twofer. Fused colonies of the formosan subterranean termite. Alate head capsules of coptotermes gestroi wasmann left and coptotermes formosanus shiraki. Natural antitermitic compounds may have a different types of activity against different species of termites osbrink et al. Formosan definition of formosan by the free dictionary. Tunneling behavior and the spatial dispersion of tunnels constructed by the subterranean termites coptotermes formosanus shiraki and coptotermes gestroi wasmann formerly known as c. Although boric acid and other boron compounds have been used since the 1800s as insecticides, their mode of action is not well understood.
Molting in workers of the formosan subterranean termite. Kenneth grace1 abstract field surveys were carried out from january 2010 to june 2011 to record the environmental properties of coptotermes formosanus shiraki and c. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, has become one of the most destructive termite species in the united states since its introduction from southern asia haagsma et. Rhinotermitidae in metropolitan southeastern florida. Coptotermes gestroi is a very damaging termite and a threat to wooden structures wherever it occurs. Immunerelated transcriptome of coptotermes formosanus. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus is native to southern china and has been brought to many other regions in the world. Pdf a single endemic and three exotic species of the termite. Structure and developmental changes in the tergal glands. Aleocharinae associated with coptotermes formosanus isoptera.
The host and the parasite dwell in separate parts of the mound nest and are mutually antagonistic. Formosan subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus order. Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against formosan. Pdf interspecific competition and territory defense mechanisms. How baiting one colony of formosan subterranean termites can knock out the colony next door. Pdf phylogeography of coptotermes gestroi and coptotermes. Coptotermes formosanus, us a a plastic cylindrical vial with 6 g of moistened organic soil 7 months. Profiling the metatranscriptome of the protistan community in. Rhabditida associated with the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus isoptera. Coptotermes in taiwan coptotermes formosanus was the only species. Key words coptotermes formosanus, orange oil extract, dlimonene, fumigation, tunneling behavior the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera. Baiting studies and considerations with coptotermes formosanus isoptera.
H s i genetic relationship between coptotermes gestroi and. Coptotermes formosanus is a subterranean termite with an affinity for damp places. In the 1600s the termite was transported to japan, and later brought to hawaii in the late 1800s. These cells possess large nuclei, abundant mitochondria and bundles of microtubules. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus is native to china. Two new termitophiles of the tribe termitohospitini coleoptera. Rhinotermitidae foragers in the laboratory and foragers in the field environment were. Colonies are typically located in the ground with galleries extending into surrounding. Introduction crosslaminated timber clt is a prefabricated solid engineered wood product, made of at least three orthogonally oriented, facially bonded, layers of kilndried lumber. Once a tree is infested, coptotermes often hollow out or. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, introduced into the continental united states about 60 years ago, has become a major urban pest in several southern states and. Pdf the termite genus coptotermes is both large and widespread but, as a. Formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki insecta.
Termite records from 1990 to 2015 were analyzed to determine the expansion of their distribution. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to characterize the breeding system of two populations of c. Formosan subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus distribution. Eeny121 formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki insecta.
Phylogeography of coptotermes gestroi and coptotermes formosanus isoptera. Formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki. Establishment and spread of two invasive subterranean. Zhong and kuang 1979 have synthesized 4phenylcis3buten1ol from coptotermes trail pheromone which showed good field activity against c. Comparison of coptotermes formosanus and coptotermes. In coptotermes formosanus the antennal spots are barely, if at all, visible. This study reports the spread of 2 major invasive subterranean termite species isoptera. Baits were applied using both aboveground and inground stations between late 1996 and early 1997. Coptotermes the top subterranean termite pests termite web. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, is a native of east asia and the most devastating termite pests.
It is now generally accepted that the termite is native to china and it is formosa. Because of their cryptic nature underground habitat and very long life cycle, not much is known about molting in termite workers. The formosan subterranean termite acquired its name because it was first described in taiwan in. Pdf chromosome number in coptotermes formosanus lsoptera. Physical control in new guinea the turning off of electric lights at swarming times to discourage alate attraction has been used. A total of 30 colonies was sampled from two islands kyushu and fukue located 100 km apart. Neighbor joining tree built in the geneious software. The genus is thought to have originated in southeastern asia. A detailed analysis combining pfam and kegg annotation identified 118. Subterranean termites in the family rhinotermitidae include many important pest species that cause. Coptotermes formosanus shiraki and coptotermes gestroi wasmann formerly known as c. Many are calling it the second battle of new orleans, the first having taken place in 1815, when general andrew jacksons troops defended the city from the british.
Kenneth grace2 abstract differences in tunneling between small groups of formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera. In australia, coptotermes colonies sometimes host a parasitic species of termite, ahamitermes. This page was last edited on 9 december 2014, at 02. In the usa it is best known as a pest of buildings in urban areas, however c. Several species of coptotermes, including the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and coptotermes gestroi wasmann have been known for their destructive nature to buildings and structures in subtropical and tropical regions, respectively. The results indicated that these two termite species construct quantitatively different tunnel systems. Merging traditional taxonomy and molecular techniques to identify termite species a. Formosan the austronesian languages spoken on formosa austronesian language, austronesian the family of languages spoken in australia and. The results indicated that these two termite species construct quantitatively different tunnel systems, supporting visual. Rhinotermitidae field sites and seasonal foraging activity in hawaii by nirmala k. Durability of cross laminated timber against termite damage. Rhinotermitidae is a serious pest that infests economically important crops and structures such as houses, buildings, boats, utility poles and underground telephone cables.
H s i effect of orange oil extract on the formosan. Coptotermes and nasutitermes, here discussed for selected species from loca tions in the pacific rim and several caribbean islands. A native to china and japan, this species has been transported worldwide. Formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus. Wherever there is wood cellulose and moisture there is the possibility that this species can inhabit that location. Biokids kids inquiry of diverse species, coptotermes.
Coptotermes formosanus fluid termite bait aims to combine best of both management methods a new termitecontrol method currently in development looks to combine the advantages of a liquid insecticide application with the comprehensive impact of. Two new termitophiles of the tribe termitohospitini. Formosan subterranean termite national invasive species. Coptotermes formosanus, known in its native china as the house white ant, was introduced to the southeast usa likely in the 1950s, where it is known as the formosan subterranean termite.
Formosan subterranean termites coptotermes formosanus are considered social insects. Warmer seasons marks the beginning of termites swarms for homeowners in the united states. There are about seventyone species, many of which are economically destructive pests. Rhinotermitidae, primarily found in subtropical and temperate regions, is one of the most invasive and important termite. Coptotermes gestroi soldiers have one pair of hairs near the rim of the fontanelle and the lateral profile of the top of the head just behind the fontanelle shows a weak bulge c. Formosan subterranean termites, ja source usda, ars, is photo unitfile. Increased genetic diversity from colony merging in termites does not. Carton nest made from frass, soil, chewed wood and saliva, formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus. This document is eeny121, one of a series of the entomology and nematology department, ufifas extension. This termite species has been estimated to cause damage valued at one billion dollars annually in the united states of america and. Today, the enemy isnt an army of redcoats, but an exotic insect, coptotermes formosanus a. Three forms, called castes, are found in colonies reproductives winged or wingless, soldiers, and workers pseudergates. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, is one of the most destructive structural pests in the world.
Formosan subterranean termites, coptotermes formosanus shiraki. Potential hybridization between two invasive termite. Comparison of coptotermes formosanus and coptotermes gestroi blattodea. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus is an invasive urban pest in the. Pdf termites, coptotermes formosanus, reared individually, were. The biological relevance of this practice is often called into question, because these colonies lack a full composition of reproductive castes and brood, which may have physiological and behavioral. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Pdf formosan subterranean termite established in california. The results indicated that these two termite species construct quantitatively nnel systems, different tu supporting visual observations made in earlier studies. Cuticular hydrocarbons for species determination of tropical. Coptotermes is a genus of termites in the family rhinotermitidae.
Rhinotermitidae 4 that are not connected to ground, called aerial colonies. Feeding activities of coptotermes formosanus shiraki and. They perform all the tasks required to maintain a colony. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, was first described as a species in 1909 from specimens collected on the asian island of formosa. Thiamethoxam and fipronil were examined for their termiticidal properties against the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, reticulitermes flavipes kollar. Formosan subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus. The relationship between the moisture content mc of wood blocks and the feeding activities of two japanese subterranean termites, coptotermes formosanus shiraki and reticulitermes speratus kolbe, was investigated with two choice tests. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Coptotermes gestroi soldiers have one pair of hairs near the rim of the fontanelle, while in c. Tong 2, xueyi huang 1, bingrong liu 1, runmei huang 1 and zhiqiang li 1, 1 guangdong key laboratory of animal conservation and resource utilization, guangdong public laboratory of wild animal conservation and utilization, guangdong institute of applied.
Pdf dual cellulosedigesting system of the woodfeeding. United states department of agricultureagriculture research service research on targeted management of the formosan subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera. The formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus, with its huge colonies, is a major urban pest in several southern states and hawaii as well as in south asia. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Studies on the development of captive termite colonies. Additionally, the lateral profile of the top of the head just behind the fontanelle shows a weak bulge in c. It has been transported worldwide from its native range in southern china to formosa taiwan, where it gets its name and japan. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams.
Coptotermes formosanus an overview sciencedirect topics. Comparison of tunneling in the laboratory and field by the. The formosan termite coptotermes formosanus is an invasive species of termite. Formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus isoptera. Coptotermes formosanus and coptotermes gestroi blattodea. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to infer the major features of the breeding system of the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus, in southern japan, where it is believed to have been introduced from china. The majority of individuals in a colony are workers. Coptotermes formosanus is a typical woodfeeding lower termite harboring a large. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Proceedings final pacific rim termite research group. Metarhizium anisopliae on the subterranean termite coptotermes formosanus shiraki. The genus coptotermes contains the largest number of termite pests 28 species among the 3,100 termite species worldwide, and the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus, is the most widely distributed and most economically important.
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